Take a close look at your hands, a really close look. Do they look clean? You may not know it, but your hands could be home to thousands of bacteria and viruses that can cause infections such as strep throat or the flu. But there are things you can do to prevent the spread of germs.

Washing your hands is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick. To wash hands thoroughly, use soap and warm water. Wash for at least 15 seconds and be sure to clean under your fingernails. Dry with a clean towel or in a public restroom use the hot-air hand dryer. Antibacterial soaps are no more effective at killing germs than regular soap, so you can use either one. When soap and water are unavailable, use an alcohol-based sanitizer; this is not recommended if your hands are visibly dirty.

How Infections Spread

Germs can spread from person to person by touching, sneezing or coughing. Some germs float through the air, while others may be passed along through blood and other body fluids.

You should wash your hands several times each day, but especially after using the bathroom, taking out the trash, changing a diaper, playing with a pet, visiting someone who is ill, coughing or sneezing into your hands, or blowing your nose. Washing hands also is recommended before preparing or eating food, treating a wound or cut, or inserting contact lenses.

There are many simple ways to prevent the spread of infections. Germs can travel three feet or more when you sneeze or cough, so be polite and cover your mouth or nose. If you are sick, try to avoid close contact with other people. By limiting your exposure, you can prevent the spread of colds, pneumonia, tuberculosis, mumps, rubella, whooping cough, chicken pox, and measles.

Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses

Bacteria are one-cell organisms that can be treated with antibiotics. Most bacteria are harmless; in fact, many are actually helpful. But some may make you ill by producing toxins that can damage tissue. Viruses invade living cells, multiply and then produce more viruses. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics, but may be prevented with vaccines, if available.

If you find yourself with a minor scrape or cut, take steps to prevent infection. Begin by stopping the bleeding and then cleaning the wound. Apply an antibiotic ointment and cover with a dry, sterile bandage. Change the dressing if it gets dirty or wet. If the cut is deep, see your doctor or go to the emergency department within a few hours to see if you need stitches; this will minimize the risk of infection. See your doctor if you notice signs of infection such as redness, drainage, warmth or swelling.

Most people’s bodies are able to fight infections, but those who are weaker may have a more difficult time. People who need to be extra careful include the very sick or those who had surgery recently, premature infants or very ill children, the elderly, and those with chronic conditions or suppressed immunity. Preventing the spread of infections begins with good hygiene. By practicing simple habits, such as hand washing, you can protect your health and fight the spread of infection.